English Language Proficiency Edition 1 - Structure And Written Expression
FOREWORD
First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writer finished writing the paper entitled "Structure and Written Expression " right in the calculated time.The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by Mrs Olivia Yolanda, S.E., M.M. as lecturer in English Language Proficiency major.
In arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but with help of many indiviuals, those obstructions could passed. writer also realized there are still many mistakes in process of writing this paper.
because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals who helps in the process of writing this paper. hopefully allah replies all helps and bless you all, the writer realized tha this paper still imperfect in arrangment and the content. then the writer hope the criticism from the readers can help the writer in perfecting the next paper.last but not the least Hopefully, this paper can helps the readers to gain more knowledge about English Language Proficiency major.
Karawang, October 21st, 2021
Serly Irawati
Table Of Contents
page
FOREWORD .....................................................................................................................................................ii
Table Of Contents...........................................................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the paper ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Problem formulation ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Purpose of the paper ..................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II DISCUSION ....................................................................................................................................2
2.1. Structure and written expression ................................................................................................... 2
2.2. Strategy for structure questions.....................................................................................................2
2.3. How to set strategy in structure section .........................................................................................3
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................9
3.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 9
3.2. Suggestion............................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the paper
TOEFL, Test of English as a Foreign Language is probably the most frequently used test in the process of admitting foreign students to universities, TOEFL tests a person's ability to master English; These abilities are Listening Comprehension, Structure and Writing Expression, Reading Comprehension and Writing. This test evaluates a person's potential for success in using and understanding standard English at the college level.
The TOEFL test gives students the opportunity to prove they can communicate ideas effectively by simulating university classroom and student life communication. The language used in the test reflects real-life English language usage in university lecturers, classes
English tests have become the most common way to assess a person's English ability, and are usually used for various purposes both at home and abroad. TOEFL is one of the most frequently used, especially for domestic purposes as a college graduation requirement or to apply for a job. The TOEFL test itself consists of several parts, and most people will always think that the structure and written expression part is the most difficult part.
Structure and written expression is the second part that is tested in the TOEFL test. This section is intended to assess your ability or competence in terms of grammar in English. The questions contained in this section consist of 40 questions with the duration of time to work on these questions is 30 minutes.
In the structure section, you will be given questions on how to answer the TOEFL structure questions in the form of incomplete sentences and then asked to choose the right words or phrases to complete the sentences given. While in the written expression section, questions will be given in the form of sentences with several parts underlined. All you need to do is determine which part of the sentence is wrong.
1.2. Problem formulation
1.2.1. What is structure and written expression?
1.2.2. What is the structure section in Toefl?
1.2.3. How to set strategy in the structure section?
1.3. Purpose of the paper
1.3.1. To know what is structure and written expression
1.3.2. To know out what are the structural parts in Toefl
1.3.3. To know how to strategize in the structure section
CHAPTER II
DISCUSION
2.1. Structure and written expression
Definition of Structured
A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized.
noun
mode of building, construction, or organization; arrangement of parts, elements, or constituent.
nything composed of parts arranged together in some way; an organization.
verb (used with object), to give a structure, organization, or arrangement to; construct or build
a systematic framework for:to structure a curriculum so well that a novice teacher can use it.
Written expression refers to a highly complex, cognitive, self-directed process. Higher order components include planning, translating (drafting), reviewing and revising. The translation process includes lower-level transcription skills (i.e., handwriting and spelling) and text generation at three different language levels word, sentence, and text.
There are two types of questions in the Structure and Written Expression section of the TOEFL test :
- Structure (questions 1-15) consists of fifteen sentences in which part of the sen-tence has been replaced with a blank. Each sentence is followed by four answer choices. You must choose the answer that completes the sentence in a grammatically correct way
- Written Expression (questions 16-40) consists of twenty-five sentences in which four words or groups of words have been underlined. You must choose the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
2.2. Strategy for structure questions
General Strategies
-
Be familiar with the directions.
The directions on every TOEFL test are the same, so it is not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you take the test You should be completely familiar with the directions before the day of the test.
-
Begin with questions I through 15.
Anticipate that questions I through 5 will be the easiest. Anticipate that questions 11 through 15 will be the most difficult Do not spend too much time on questions 11 through 15.There will be easier questions that come later. -
Continue with questions 16 through 40.
Anticipate that questions 16 through 20 will be the easiest. Anticipate that questions 36 through 40 will be the most difficult. Do not spend too much time on questions 36 through 40.
-
If you have time, return to questions 11 through 15.
You should spend extra time on questions 11 through 15 only after you spend all the time that you want on the easier questions. . -
Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet. Even if you are not sure of the correct response, you should answer each question.There is no penalty for guessing.
STRATEGIES FORTHE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS
- First study the sentence. Your purpose is to determine what is needed to complete the sentence correctly.
- Then study each answer based on how well it completes the sentence. Eliminate answers that do not complete the sentence correctly.
- Do not try to eliminate incorrect answers by looking only at the answers. The incorrect answers are generally correct by themselves.The incorrect answers are generally incorrect only when used to complete the sentence.
- Never leave any answers blank. Be sure to answer each question even if you are unsure of the correct response.
- Do not spend too much time on the Structure questions. Be sure to leave adequate time for the Written Expression questions.
2.3. How to set strategy in structure section
SENTENCES WITH ONE CLAUSE
Some sentences in English have just one subject and verb, and it is very important for you to find the subject and verb in these sentences. In some sentences it is easy to find the subject and verb. However, certain structures, such as objects of prepositions, appositives, and participles, can cause confusion in locating the subject and verb because each of these structures can look like a subject or verb. The object of the preposition can be mistaken for a subject.
Therefore, you should be able to do the following in sentences with one subject and verb: (1) be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb, (2) be careful of objects of prepositions and appositives when you are looking for the subject, and (3) be careful of present participles and past participles when you are looking for the verb.
Skill 1: be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb
A sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common types of problems that you will encounter in the Structure section of the TOEFL test have to do with subjects and verbs: perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject or the verb or both, or perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb.
Subject and verbs
A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb
Skill 2: be careful of objects of prepositions
An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition, such as in, at,
of, to, by, behind, on, and so on, to form a prepositional phrase.
(After his exams) Tom will take a trip (by boat).
This sentence contains two objects of prepositions. Exams is the object of the preposition after
and boat is the object of the preposition by. An object of a preposition can cause confusion in
the Structure section of the TOEFL test because it can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence
Object of prepositions
A preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun that is called an object of the preposition. If a
word is an object of a preposition, it is not the subject.
Skill 3: be careful of appositives
Appositives can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because an appositive can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence. An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and has the same meaning.
(Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam)
In this example Sally is the subject of the sentence and the best student in the class can easily be recognized as an appositive phrase because of the noun student and because of the commas. The sentence says that Sally and the best student in the class are the same person. Note that if you leave out the appositive phrase, the sentence still makes sense (Sally got an A on the exam).
Skill 4: be careful of present participles
A present participle is the -ing form of the verb (talking, playing). In the Structure section of the TOEFL test a present participle can cause confusion because it can be either a part of the verb or an adjective. It is part of the verb when it is preceded by some form of the verb be.
The man is talking to his friend. (verb)
In this sentence talking is part of the verb because it is accompanied by is.
A present participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be.
The man talking to his friend has a beard. (Adjective)
In this sentence talking is an adjective and not part of the verb because it is not accompa-nied
by some form of be. The verb in this sentence is has.
Skill 5: be careful of past participles
Past participles can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because a past participle can be either an adjective or a part of a verb. The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be. It often ends in -ed, but there are also many irregular past participles in English. (See Appendix F for a list of irregular past participles.)
The family has purchased a television. (Verb) The poem was written by Paul. (Verb)
In the first sentence the past participle purchased is part of the verb because it is accompanied by has. In the second sentence the past participle written is part of the verb because it is accompanied by was.
A past participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of be or have. The
television purchased yesterday was expensive. (Adjective)
The poem written by Paul appeared in the magazine. (Adjective)
In the first sentence purchased is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, was, later in the sentence). In the second sentence written is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, appeared, later in the sentence).
SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES
Many sentences in English have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.) Whenever you find a sentence on the TOEFL test with more than one clause, you need to make sure that every subject has a verb and every verb has a subject. Next you need to check that the various clauses in the sentence are correctly joined. There are various ways to join clauses in English. Certain patterns appear frequently in English and on the TOEFL test. You should be very familiar with these patterns.
Skill 6: use coordinate connectors correctly
When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two clauses correctly. One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, or, so, of yet between the clauses.
Example
Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing.
Tom is tall, but Paul is short.
Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it.
Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed.
Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.
In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate conjunction and, but, or, so, or yet, and a comma (,).
Skill 7: use adverb time and cause connectors correctly
Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences:
Example
I will sign the check before you leave.
Before you leave, I will sign the check.
In each of these examples, there are two clauses: you leave and I will sign the check, and the clause you leave is an adverb time clause because it is introduced with the connector before. In the first example the connector before comes in the middle of the sentence, and no comma (,) is used. In the second example the connector before comes at the beginning of the sentence. In this pattern, when the connector comes at the beginning of the sentence, a comma (,) is required in the middle of the sentence.
Skill 8: use other adverb connectors correctly
Adverb clauses can express the ideas of time and cause, as you saw in Skill 7; adverb clauses can also express a number of other ideas, such as contrast, condition, manner, and place. Because these clauses are adverb clauses, they have the same structure as the time and cause clauses in Skill 7. Study the following examples:
I will leave at 7:00 if I am ready.
Although I was late, I managed to catch the train.
In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with adverb connectors. In the first sentence the adverb condition connector if comes in the middle of the sentence. In the second sentence the adverb contrast connector although comes at the beginning of the sentence, and a comma (,) is used in the middle of the sentence.
MORE SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES
As we saw in Skills 6 through 8, many sentences in English have more than one clause. In Skills 9 through 12, we will see more patterns for connecting the clauses in sentences with multiple clauses. Because these patterns appear frequently in English and on the TOEFL test, you should be very familiar with them.
Skill 9: use noun clause connectors correctly
A noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun; because the noun clause is a noun, it is used in a sentence as either an object of a verb, an object of a preposition, or the subject of the sentence.
I know when he will arrive. (Noun clause as object of verb)
I am concerned about when he will arrive. (Noun clause as object of preposition)
When he will arrive is not important. (noun clause as subject)
In the first example there are two clauses, I know and he will arrive. These two clauses are
joined with the connector when. When changes the clause he will arrive into a noun clause that
functions as the object of the verb know.
In the second example the two clauses I am concerned and he will arrive are also joined by the
connector when. When changes the clause he will arrive into a noun clause that functions as
the object of the preposition about.
The third example is more difficult. In this example there are two clauses, but they are a little harder to recognize. He will arrive is one of the clauses, and the connector when changes it into a noun clause that functions as the subject of the sentence. The other clause has the noun clause when he will arrive as its subject and is as its verb.
Skill 10: use noun clause connector/subjects correctly
In Skill 9 we saw that noun clause connectors were used to introduce noun subject clauses or noun object clauses. In Skill 10 we will see that in some cases a noun clause connector is not just a connector; a noun clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time.
I do not know what is in the box. (Noun clause as object of verb)
We are concerned about who will do the work. (Noun clause as object of preposition)
Whoever is coming to the party must bring a gift. (noun clause as subject)
In the first example there are two clauses: I do not know and what is in the box. These two clauses are joined by the connector what. It is important to understand that in this sentence the word what serves two functions. It is both the subject of the verb is and the connector that joins the two clauses. In the second example there are two clauses. In the first clause we is the subject of are.
In the second clause who is the subject of will do. Who also serves as the connector that joins the two clauses. The noun clause who will do the work functions as the object of the preposition about.
In the last example there are also two clauses: whoever is the subject of the verb is coming, and the noun clause whoever is coming to the party is the subject of must bring. The word whoever serves two functions in the sentence: It is the subject of the verb is coming, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses.
Skill 11: use adjective clause connectors correctly
An adjective clause is a clause that describes a noun. Because the clause is an adjective, it is positioned directly after the noun that it describes.
The woman is filling the glass that she put on the table. (Adjective clause)
The glass that she put on the table contains milk. (Adjective clause)
In the first example there are two clauses: woman is the subject of the verb is filling, and she is the subject of the verb put. That is the adjective clause connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause that she put on the table describes the noun glass.
In the second example there are also two clauses: glass is the subject of the verb contains, and she is the subject of the verb put. In this sentence also, that is the adjective clause connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause that she put on the table describes the noun glass.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
3.1 Conclusion
TOEFL, Test of English as a Foreign Language is probably the most frequently used test in the process of admitting foreign students to universities, TOEFL tests a person's ability to master English; These abilities are Listening Comprehension, Structure and Writing Expression, Reading Comprehension and Writing. This test evaluates a person's potential for success in using and understanding standard English at the college level.
The Structure and Writing Expression question consists of two parts, sentence structure (structure) and written English expression (written expression). Structure and Written Expression consists of 40 questions, consisting of 15 structural questions (numbers 1 to 15) and 25 questions for written expression (numbers 16 to 40). The time to do these 40 questions is 25 minutes.
In the Structure section you are required to find the correct answer to complete the blank sentence. While in the Written Expression section, you are required to find the wrong answer from the underlined sentence. The following is an example of the TOEFL Structure and Written Expression test questions.
3.2. Suggestion
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