English Language Proficiency Edition 2 - Structure And Written Expression
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First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writer finished writing the paper entitled "The Importance of Understanding Structure and Written Expression for Student " right in the calculated time.The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by Mrs Olivia Yolanda, S.E., M.M. as lecturer in English Language Proficiency major. In arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but with help of many indiviuals, those obstructions could passed. writer also realized there are still many mistakes in process of writing this paper.
because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals who helps in the process of writing this paper. hopefully allah replies all helps and bless you all, the writer realized tha this paper still imperfect in arrangment and the content. then the writer hope the criticism from the readers can help the writer in perfecting the next paper.last but not the least Hopefully, this paper can helps the readers to gain more knowledge about English Language Proficiency major.
Karawang, Januari 01, 2022
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Table Of Contents
page
FOREWORD........................................................................................................................ ii
Table Of Contents ............................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................1
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1.1. Background of the paper..............................................................................................1
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1.2. Problem formulation ....................................................................................................1
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1.3. Purpose of the paper.....................................................................................................2
CHAPTER II DISCUSION..................................................................................................3
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2.1. Toefl................................................................................................................................3
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2.2. Structure and written expression ...............................................................................4
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2.3. What to pay attention to when doing the Toefl test...................................................6
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2.4. How to set strategy in structure section .....................................................................6
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION...........................................................................................13
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3.1 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................13
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3.2 Suggestion ......................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the paper
English language ability is one of the skills that must be possessed by college students, including Management’s students. Having good English skills will open broad opportunities for increasing the competency and expertise of Management’s students. One form of recognition of good English skills is to have a high TOEFL score. However, getting a high TOEFL score is still a challenge for Management’s students. Facts in the field show that many Managements’ students find it difficult to achieve high scores on the TOEFL test. The most common form of difficulty is the problem in answering questions related to the structure and written expression section in the Paper-Based TOEFL test.
1.2. Problem formulation
1.2.1. What is Toefl?
1.2.2. What is structure and written expression?
1.2.3. What to pay attention to when working on toefl structure and written expression?
1.2.4. How to set strategy in the structure section?
1.3. Purpose of the paper
1.3.1. To know out what is Toefl
1.3.2. To know what is structure and written expression
1.3.3. To know what to pay attention to when working on toefl structure and written expressin?
1.3.4. To know how to strategize in the structure section
CHAPTER II
DISCUSION
2.1. Toefl
TOEFL stands for Test Of English as a Foreign Language (Test of English as a foreign language), which is organized by an institution in the United States called ETS (Educational Testing Service). TOEFL is important for friends who want to study or study abroad to study. This TOEFL is an indicator to ensure that friends who come from non-English speaking countries can attend lectures well in English-speaking countries.
This TOEFL is used to ensure:
- Ensure that the student understands the description given by the lecturer in English (listening skill).
- Students understand the required textbooks (reading skills).
- Students are able to make scientific writing with correct grammar (writing & grammar skills).
- TOEFL academic purposes are for educational purposes, research or related to academic activities abroad, or in Indonesia. For postgraduates, the minimum score is usually 550 while for S1 it is 500.
- General purposes (general) are generally used in the field of work, promotion or work assignments. Many companies set the standard for their employees' English by looking at the TOEFL score. Generally, the minimum TOEFL score is 500 to raise the standard rank.
TOEFL is one of the English language tests to measure the ability to speak English which is usually used to continue studying abroad or even to apply for a job. There are various types that can be done there are reading comprehension, listening comprehension, and written structure & expression. And there are 3 tests that can be done paper based test, computer based test, and internet based test.
However, there are still many management’s students who fail to get good results in the paper-based TOEFL. From the informal interview result done with some students, it is found that most of the students agree that one of their biggest hurdles is section two of the test, which examines the structure and written expression. Thus, they always feel the burden of doing this section. They also state that problems with grammar are thought to prevent them from getting a high score in TOEFL.
2.2. Structure and written expression
Definition of Structured
A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized.
noun
Written expression refers to a highly complex, cognitive, self-directed process. Higher order components include planning, translating (drafting), reviewing and revising. The translation process includes lower-level transcription skills (i.e., handwriting and spelling) and text generation at three different language levels word, sentence, and text.
There are two types of questions in the Structure and Written Expression section of the TOEFL test :
- Structure (questions 1-15) consists of fifteen sentences in which part of the sen-tence has been replaced with a blank. Each sentence is followed by four answer choices. You must choose the answer that completes the sentence in a grammatically correct way
- Written Expression (questions 16-40) consists of twenty-five sentences in which four words or groups of words have been underlined. You must choose the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
Strategy for structure questions
General Strategies
Be familiar with the directions.
The directions on every TOEFL test are the same, so it is not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you take the test You should be completely familiar with the directions before the day of the test.
- Begin with questions I through 15.Anticipate that questions I through 5 will be the easiest. Anticipate that questions 11 through 15 will be the most difficult Do not spend too much time on questions 11 through 15.There will be easier questions that come later.
- Continue with questions 16 through 40.Anticipate that questions 16 through 20 will be the easiest. Anticipate that questions 36 through 40 will be the most difficult. Do not spend too much time on questions 36 through 40.
- If you have time, return to questions 11 through 15.You should spend extra time on questions 11 through 15 only after you spend all the time that you want on the easier questions. .
Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet. Even if you are not sure of the correct response, you should answer each question.There is no penalty for guessing.
STRATEGIES FORTHE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS
- First study the sentence. Your purpose is to determine what is needed to complete the sentence correctly.
- Then study each answer based on how well it completes the sentence. Eliminate answers that do not complete the sentence correctly.
- Do not try to eliminate incorrect answers by looking only at the answers. The incorrect answers are generally correct by themselves.The incorrect answers are generally incorrect only when used to complete the sentence.
- Never leave any answers blank. Be sure to answer each question even if you are unsure of the correct response.
- Do not spend too much time on the Structure questions. Be sure to leave adequate time for the Written Expression questions.
2.3. What to pay attention to when doing the Toefl test
The TOEFL test is certainly difficult for people who do not understand English, such as in the grammar section. Maybe we can be disappointed if later we don't get maximum results on the TOEFL just because of difficulties in the Structure and Written Expression section, therefore we must pay attention to things like the following
- Number of questionsThe time given to work on the structure and written expression questions on the TOEFL is 40 questions.
- Test time durationFor that amount of time, we are only given 25 minutes to do 40 questions. The questions in the structure and written expression section, which are quite large, do not affect the processing time of the questions which are quite suitable for people who are not used to speaking English. We must be confident in working on this section because each section affects the overall results.
- The parts of the structure and written expression.In the TOEFL prayer in part 2 or section 2 we will get questions in the form of structure (sentence completion) and written expression (Error identification). These two things are 2 different types of questions. In the structure section, we are required to choose the right answer on multiple choice or multiple choice questions. In the structure completion section, we are instructed that we can choose more grammar about tenses, prepositions, and improved spelling in English. While in the written expression (Error identification), we have to determine the wrong answer from the underlined words.
2.4. How to set strategy in structure section
Sentences with one clause
Some sentences in English have just one subject and verb, and it is very important for you to find the subject and verb in these sentences. In some sentences it is easy to find the subject and verb. However, certain structures, such as objects of prepositions, appositives, and participles, can cause confusion in locating the subject and verb because each of these structures can look like a subject or verb. The object of the preposition can be mistaken for a subject.
Therefore, you should be able to do the following in sentences with one subject and verb: (1) be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb, (2) be careful of objects of prepositions and appositives when you are looking for the subject, and (3) be careful of present participles and past participles when you are looking for the verb.
Skill 1: be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb
A sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common types of problems that you will encounter in the Structure section of the TOEFL test have to do with subjects and verbs: perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject or the verb or both, or perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb.
Skill 2: be careful of objects of prepositions
Skill 3: be careful of appositives
Appositives can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because an appositive can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence. An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and has the same meaning.
(Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam)
In this example Sally is the subject of the sentence and the best student in the class can easily be recognized as an appositive phrase because of the noun student and because of the commas. The sentence says that Sally and the best student in the class are the same person. Note that if you leave out the appositive phrase, the sentence still makes sense (Sally got an A on the exam).
Skill 4: be careful of present participles
A present participle is the -ing form of the verb (talking, playing). In the Structure section of the TOEFL test a present participle can cause confusion because it can be either a part of the verb or an adjective. It is part of the verb when it is preceded by some form of the verb be.
The man is talking to his friend. (verb)
Skill 5: be careful of past participles
Past participles can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because a past participle can be either an adjective or a part of a verb. The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be. It often ends in -ed, but there are also many irregular past participles in English. (See Appendix F for a list of irregular past participles.)
In the first sentence the past participle purchased is part of the verb because it is accompanied by has. In the second sentence the past participle written is part of the verb because it is accompanied by was.
In the first sentence purchased is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, was, later in the sentence). In the second sentence written is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, appeared, later in the sentence).
SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES
Many sentences in English have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.) Whenever you find a sentence on the TOEFL test with more than one clause, you need to make sure that every subject has a verb and every verb has a subject. Next you need to check that the various clauses in the sentence are correctly joined. There are various ways to join clauses in English. Certain patterns appear frequently in English and on the TOEFL test. You should be very familiar with these patterns.
Skill 6: use coordinate connectors correctly
When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two clauses correctly. One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, or, so, of yet between the clauses.
In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate conjunction and, but, or, so, or yet, and a comma (,).
Skill 7: use adverb time and cause connectors correctly
Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences:
In each of these examples, there are two clauses: you leave and I will sign the check, and the clause you leave is an adverb time clause because it is introduced with the connector before. In the first example the connector before comes in the middle of the sentence, and no comma (,) is used. In the second example the connector before comes at the beginning of the sentence. In this pattern, when the connector comes at the beginning of the sentence, a comma (,) is required in the middle of the sentence.
Skill 8: use other adverb connectors correctly
Adverb clauses can express the ideas of time and cause, as you saw in Skill 7; adverb clauses can also express a number of other ideas, such as contrast, condition, manner, and place. Because these clauses are adverb clauses, they have the same structure as the time and cause clauses in Skill 7. Study the following examples:
In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with adverb connectors. In the first sentence the adverb condition connector if comes in the middle of the sentence. In the second sentence the adverb contrast connector although comes at the beginning of the sentence, and a comma (,) is used in the middle of the sentence.
MORE SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES
As we saw in Skills 6 through 8, many sentences in English have more than one clause. In Skills 9 through 12, we will see more patterns for connecting the clauses in sentences with multiple clauses. Because these patterns appear frequently in English and on the TOEFL test, you should be very familiar with them.
Skill 9: use noun clause connectors correctly
A noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun; because the noun clause is a noun, it is used in a sentence as either an object of a verb, an object of a preposition, or the subject of the sentence.
The third example is more difficult. In this example there are two clauses, but they are a little harder to recognize. He will arrive is one of the clauses, and the connector when changes it into a noun clause that functions as the subject of the sentence. The other clause has the noun clause when he will arrive as its subject and is as its verb.
Skill 10: use noun clause connector/subjects correctly
In Skill 9 we saw that noun clause connectors were used to introduce noun subject clauses or noun object clauses. In Skill 10 we will see that in some cases a noun clause connector is not just a connector; a noun clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time.
In the first example there are two clauses: I do not know and what is in the box. These two clauses are joined by the connector what. It is important to understand that in this sentence the word what serves two functions. It is both the subject of the verb is and the connector that joins the two clauses. In the second example there are two clauses. In the first clause we is the subject of are.
In the second clause who is the subject of will do. Who also serves as the connector that joins the two clauses. The noun clause who will do the work functions as the object of the preposition about.
In the last example there are also two clauses: whoever is the subject of the verb is coming, and the noun clause whoever is coming to the party is the subject of must bring. The word whoever serves two functions in the sentence: It is the subject of the verb is coming, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses.
Skill 11: use adjective clause connectors correctly
An adjective clause is a clause that describes a noun. Because the clause is an adjective, it is positioned directly after the noun that it describes.
In the first example there are two clauses: woman is the subject of the verb is filling, and she is the subject of the verb put. That is the adjective clause connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause that she put on the table describes the noun glass.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
3.1 Conclusion
TOEFL is one of the English language tests to measure the ability to speak English which is usually used to continue studying abroad or even to apply for a job. There are various types that can be done there are reading comprehension, listening comprehension, and written structure & expression. And there are 3 tests that can be done paper based test, computer based test, and internet based test.
The Structure and Writing Expression question consists of two parts, sentence structure (structure) and written English expression (written expression). Structure and Written Expression consists of 40 questions, consisting of 15 structural questions (numbers 1 to 15) and 25 questions for written expression (numbers 16 to 40). The time to do these 40 questions is 25 minutes.
In the Structure section you are required to find the correct answer to complete the blank sentence. While in the Written Expression section, you are required to find the wrong answer from the underlined sentence. The following is an example of the TOEFL Structure and Written Expression test questions.
3.2 Suggestion
REFERENCES
http://staffnew.uny.ac.id/upload/132306185/pendidikan/ULB+structure_1.pdf http://catatandiankurniawan.blogspot.com/2015/04/structure-and-written-expression-1st.html https://journal.peradaban.ac.id/index.php/jdpbi/article/view/536/435
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